![]() Yet, there are a number of complementarities and opportunities for mutual learning where both countries can benefit from closer collaboration. Several government failures and path dependencies seem to prevent the nations from implementing a more effective reform. The system-evolutionary approach is applied to provide a detailed assessment of the strategic effort undertaken by the governments of both countries. A detailed analysis of the state planning legacies is provided together with a study of innovation system transformation and the role of public policy in (re)building national innovation capabilities in China and Russia. This study employs a number of theoretical constructs and evidence sources to evaluate the existing path dependencies and compare the achievements of China and Russia in fostering development and effective systems of innovation and governance. However, both countries demonstrate mixed success in innovation development and are struggling to overcome the legacies of the former state planning system and accelerate their transition to effective national innovation systems. ![]() China and Russia – two giants in the group of emerging markets – continue to attract wide attention as evolving science and technological superpowers. ![]()
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